FIDAP 8.5
Support :
UNIX and Windows/NT
Résumé :
FIDAP 8.5 is the CFD solver of choice for a wide variety of laminar and turbulent
flows that arise in the polymer processing, thin film coating, biomedical, semiconductor crystal growth, metallurgy and glass processing industries, among others. Based
on the finite element method, FIDAP delivers accurate and efficient solutions for
problems involving fluid flow, heat transfer, mass transfer, dispersed phase flow,
free surfaces, solid/liquid phase change and fluid-structure interaction. Fully-coupled and segregated/iterative solution methods are available using completely
unstructured meshes. A comprehensive set of physical models is provided for modeling non-Newtonian rheology, radiation heat transfer, flows in porous media,
chemical reactions and other complex phenomena.
General Modeling Capabilities
2-D planar, 2-D axisymmetric, 2-D axisymmetric with swirl, and 3-D flows
Steady-state or transient analysis
Creeping flow, incompressible, and mildly compressible flow regimes
Laminar, transitional, and turbulent flow
Newtonian or non-Newtonian flow
Heat transfer including natural convection, forced or mixed convection, conjugate
(fluid/solid) heat transfer, and radiation
Chemical species mixing and reaction, including combustion submodels and
surface reactions
Free surface flows (both fixed mesh and deforming mesh models)
Linear and non-linear elastic deformations in solids, including thermoelastic effects, can
be solved simultaneously with the fluid flow (fluid-structure interaction)
Lagrangian trajectory calculation for dispersed phase (particles/droplets/bubbles)
including coupling with continuous phase
Phase change models for melting/freezing applications (both fixed mesh and
deforming mesh)
Transport of charged species in electric fields
Porous media with non-isotropic permeability, inertial resistance
Lumped parameter models for fans, vents
Inertial (stationary) or non-inertial (rotating or accelerating) reference frames
Volumetric sources of heat, mass, momentum, and chemical species
Mesh Capabilities
Quadrilateral, triangle, hexahedral (brick), tetrahedral, wedge (prism) and mixed
element meshes
Linear and quadratic interpolations
Penalty function approximation and discretized pressure (mixed formulation)
. For mixed formulation, both continuous and discontinuous pressure models
are available
Unequal and equal-order discretizations
Import of meshes from I-DEAS and PATRAN
Mesh-to-mesh interpolation of solution data
Numerical Methods
FIDAP offers two main choices for solver options. All the solvers in FIDAP are:
. Based on the finite element method and utilize fully unstructured meshes
. Valid for all speed regimes
. Available with dynamic memory allocation
The fully-coupled solver computes all degrees of freedom simultaneously. It has three
different variations:
. Newton-Raphson
. Modified-Newton
. Quasi-Newton, Broydens update
To solve the linear set of equations that arises with each of the above techniques, direct
Gaussian elimination is used
The segregated solution algorithm computes each degree of freedom individually in
sequential fashion. It has the following features:
. Jacobi variant that allows constructing the coefficient matrix of more than one
degree of freedom during a single element pass
. Vectorization of element pass
. Single point quadrature with hourglass correction
. Reduced stencil scheme which decreases the size of the non-symmetric global
coefficient matrices
. Single- or double-precision storage of global coefficient matrices
To solve the linear set of equations, the segregated solver uses direct Gaussian
elimination or the following iterative methods:
. GMRES or conjugate gradient squared for non-symmetric systems
. Conjugate residual or conjugate gradient for symmetric (pressure) systems
Transient Solution Algorithms
Explicit and implicit time integrators available
For the implicit time stepping approach:
. First-order accurate (backward Euler) or second-order accurate (trapezoidal rule)
. Automatic time step increment controlled by local truncation error
Fixed time step option also available
Free Surface Modeling
Two free surface models are available: deforming mesh, fixed mesh
Deforming mesh capabilities
. Suitable for modeling external free surfaces, internal fluid/fluid interfaces,
boundaries with specified motion, and melting/freezing of pure materials
. Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) description
. Surface tension can be included
. Static and dynamic contact lines
. 2-D, 2-D axisymmetric, and 3-D free surfaces
Fixed mesh capabilities
. Volume of fluid (VOF) model
. Single-fluid and two-fluid formulations
. Well-suited for problems involving irregular or large-scale deformations to the
free surface (such as filling, sloshing, break-up)
. Surface tension (and Marangoni effect) can be included
. Heat and mass transfer at the interface can be included in single fluid analyses
. VOF model can be combined with boundaries that deform with prescribed motion
. 2-D, 2-D axisymmetric, and 3-D free surfaces
Free surface problems can be laminar or turbulent.
Fluid Structure Interaction
The deflection and stress in solid structures can be computed and coupled with the fluid
flow, heat and mass transfer analysis
The structural solver in FIDAP includes the following features:
. continuum structural elements
. linear and nonlinear elasticity
. steady or transient
. thermoelastic effects (thermal expansion coefficient, temperature dependent properties)
Boundary conditions for the structure include: stresses/loads, displacement, and mixed
(stress is proportional to displacement)
Remeshing of the deformed structure and fluid domains is accomplished using an elasticity-based remeshing scheme
Fully-compatible with free surface and VOF models, and parallel processing
Postprocessing of the deformed structure, stresses, strains and integrated forces is provided
Turbulence Modeling
Algebraic mixing length model:
. Automatic mixing length calculation
. User-defined mixing length calculation
Multiple choices of k-ψ models including standard k-e, anisotropic k-e, and RNG k-ψ
models as well as extended k-ψ and RNG k-ψ models
Wilcox low-Reynolds number k-ν model
Three eddy viscosity models:
. Boussinesq isotropic eddy viscosity model
. Speziale anisotropic eddy viscosity model
. Launder anisotropic eddy viscosity model
Near-wall elements incorporating special shape functions accurately capture
non-equilibrium wall effects
Surface roughness model
Chemical Reaction and Combustion Modeling
Formulation based on multispecies transport equations, including diffusion and reaction
source terms
Finite rate chemistry for any number of reactions using:
. Extended Arrhenius (built-in)
. User-defined subroutine
Up to 15 species
Bulk phase or surface reactions
Turbulence-chemistry interaction via:
. Algebraic eddy-breakup model (Spalding)
. Transport eddy-breakup model (non-equilibrium; transport equation for variances)
. Eddy-dissipation model (Magnussen)
Solver enhancements for numerically stiff chemistry
Thermodiffusion
Radiation Heat Transfer
Two radiation models are available:
. Surface-to-surface (non-participating) radiation based on enclosure theory
. View factors are computed (including shadowing effects) once before the simulation
. P-1 (participating) radiation model Fidap 8.5
Both models can model gray-diffuse and non-gray (wavelength-dependent) surfaces and properties
Temperature-dependent emissivity
Non-gray (spectrally dependent) emissivity
Lagrangian Dispersed Phase Modeling
Trajectory calculation for particles, bubbles, or droplets at low volume fractions
(steady flows)
Momentum, heat, and mass transfer coupling with fluid (continuous) phase
Built-in polynomial and power-law drag models for non-evaporating particles
Additional drag model for evaporating droplets
User can specify initial position, velocity, temperature, size, volatile/humidity content,
and chemical composition of particles
Stochastic model for influence of turbulence on particle trajectories
Standard-normal and log-normal particle size distributions
Multiple choice of boundary conditions for particles, including rebound with coefficient
of restitution, trapping and escape
Heat and mass transfer between fluid and dispersed phase
Evaporation from liquid droplets
Drying of wet particles
Detailed reporting of particle position, velocity, temperature, diameter and residence time
User-defined subroutines to specify the drag coefficient, force, injection position/velocity,
boundary conditions, and heat/mass transfer are available .
Boundary Conditions
Multiple inlets/exits with specification of:
. Inlet velocity in terms of Cartesian or cylindrical components, or local coordinate
components
. Normal and/or tangential stresses
. Inlet mass fraction or species mass flux for multicomponent flows
. Inlet fluid static temperature
. Inlet turbulent kinetic energy and dissipation rate (with optional input of turbulence
intensity and length scale)
Outflow boundaries
Intake/exhaust fans
Intake/outlet vents
Wall boundaries, with specification of:
. Tangential wall velocity using Cartesian component form or rotational speed
. Shear stress, including slip conditions (Navier slip, Coulomb friction)
. Thermal boundary conditions using heat flux, temperature, or external convection,
radiation (emissivity), or mixed conditions
. Shear-stress calculation using specialized wall function for turbulent flow, including
wall roughness effects
Free surface with surface tension
Surface with specified motion
Boundary profiles as polynomial functions of x,y,z
Boundary conditions as time function curve
Symmetry, rotationally periodic, and translationally periodic boundaries
Axis boundary conditions
Material Properties
Constant or variable fluid properties including temperature dependence (data pair input)
Fluid density calculation using ideal gas law or polynomial dependence on temperature;
optional Boussinesq treatment of density for buoyant flows
Fluid viscosity calculation using linear function of temperature or species
Non-Newtonian fluid models, including power law, Bingham and Carreau fluids, or Fidap 8.5
user-defined law; exponential temperature dependence can be included Page 5 of 6
Incorporation of normal stress effects via second order fluid model
Temperature-dependent heat capacity and thermal conductivity in solid regions
Non-isotropic thermal conductivity
User-defined property inputs
Phase Change
FIDAP offers two solid/liquid phase change models:
. Tracking of a distinct melt interface using a deforming mesh
- May also track solute concentration and segregation of multiple species at melt
interface
-User-defined feedback loop option for adjusting heat flux based on melt interface
position/shape
-Melt temperature may be a function of temperature, solute (species) concentration
. Enthalpy/specific heat method using a fixed mesh
-So-called mushy zone represented by change in viscosity as material freezes
-Turbulent viscosity decay function for turbulent phase change flows
Electrohydrodynamics
The conservation of charge equation can be solved, accounting for the change in
charge distribution due to convection, diffusion, electric field and reactions
The momentum equation includes the Coulomb or electrophoretic force
Gauss Law can be solved to obtain the voltage field
Multicomponent systems are allowed
Miscellaneous
Moving-body constraint allows user-definable constraints on any nodal variable to be
applied and released as a function of time, position, and solution
. Can be used to model the motion of impellers, blades, or other solid bodies through
the fluid
Bar and shell elements allow heat conduction along the axis/plane with no resistance
across the thickness
Contact resistance allows heat transfer between two surfaces without modeling the
region between them
User Defined Subroutines
Compiled user subroutine option
Specification of volumetric sources in continuity, momentum, energy and species
equations
Surface and volumetric reaction rates
Definition of custom physical properties
Customized boundary conditions and initial conditions
User-defined scalar transport equations
Creation of custom postprocessing quantities
User-specified emissivity and external reference temperature functions for radiation
modeling
Body force, drag, and heat/mass source terms for discrete phase modeling
Interface, Graphics, Postprocessing, and Reporting
Fully interactive graphical and text-based user interface
Journaling and transcripting
Journal files may contain user-defined parameters, do-loops, if-then-else statements,
and macros for automating parametric studies
Diagnostics and error trapping
Automatic checking of entity/property data, element data, boundary conditions, initial
conditions, and problem consistency
Optimal renumbering of mesh nodes
Summary reports of solver and physical model settings
Dynamic interrupt and restart of calculations
Reporting and display of convergence history
Reporting of fluxes of mass, heat, and chemical species
Calculation and reporting of mass and volumetric flow rates
Integration and reporting of mean values over domain or portions of domain
Transformation of data via pre-defined functions (exponent, log, tanh, and gradient
operators)
Reporting and visualization of derived quantities
Calculation and reporting of residence time distribution
Fast Fourier transform (power spectrum vs. frequency)
Time history plots
Quantitative XY-plotting of data
On-screen mouse-based view manipulation (rotation, translation, magnification)
Hardcopy options
Data Export
Export of temperature solution data in ANSYS format
Import/export of FEA data to/from MARC nonlinear structural analysis package
Online Help and Documentation
Complete HTML-based online documentation
User guides
Tutorial guide
Extensive Examples manual
Theory manual
Training manual
Supported Hardware
Serial and parallel (segregated solver) versions of FIDAP 8.5 are supported on most
common UNIX and Windows/NT platforms.
FLUENT 4.5
Fluent provides a wealth of physical models in a CFD solver ideally suited to the solution of incompressible and mildly compressible flows. FLUENTs pressure based, segregated solution algorithm and multigrid solver provide speed, accuracy and robust convergence for a wide range of complex flows. Using structured quadrilateral/hexahedral meshes, FLUENT provides sophisticated models for turbulence, heat transfer, multiphase flows, chemical reaction and combustion.
General Modeling Capabilities
-2-D planar, 2-D axisymmetric, or 3-D modelling
-Multiple reference frames
-Steady-state or transient analysis
-Incompressible or compressible flow
-Laminar or turbulent flow
-Heat transfer and thermal mixing including forced convection, natural or mixed convection, condition, radiation and volumetric heat sources or sinks
-Chemical species mixing and reaction, including combustion submodels and surface deposition reaction models
-Eulerian multiphase models for gas, liquid and granular phase
-Volume-of-fluid (VOF) multiphase model for immiscible and free-surface fluid flows
-Lagranging trajectory calculation for dispersed phase of particles/droplets/bubbles
-Conjugate solid/fluid heat transfer including moving conducting solid region
-Porous media with non-isotropic permeability and inertial resistance, effective conductivity and heat capacity
-Lumped parameter models for fans pumps, radiators, heat-exchangers
-Inertial (stationary), non-inertial (rotating) or mixed (sliding) reference frame models
-Volumetric sources of heat, mass, momentum and chemical species
Mesh Capabilities
-Quadrilateral/hexahedral structured mesh (single block or multiblock structured with global IJK indexing)
-Direct Cartesian or cylindrical-polar mesh generation
-Mesh refinement via line insertion or doubling of grid density; interpolation of data onto refined mesh
-Extrusion/rotation of 2-D mesh and solution data into 3-D
-Sliding mesh for rotor/stator interaction
-Moving/deforming mesh for simulation of moving geometry
-Deforming meshes and compressible flows (e.g filling a vessel)
Numerical Method
-Control-volume methods based on structured meshes
-Co-located formulation using Cartesian or cylindrical-polar velocity components
-Discretization using power-law, second-order upwind, or QUICK shemes
-Segregate, Pressure-based solution algorithm (SIMPLEC, and PISO)
-Line Gauss-Siedel linear equation solver additive correction multigrid (ACM) schemes
-Segreted, pressure-based solution algorithm (SIMPLE, SIMPLEC, and PISO)
-Line Gauss-Siedel linear equation solver with additive correction multigrid (ACM) scheme
Turbulence Modeling
-High Reynolds K-E model, including submodels for buoyancy and compressibility effects
-RNC K-E model with extensions for swirl, compressibility, low Reynolds number and near-wall effects (differential viscosity relationships and Brandtl number corrections)
High Reynolds number differential Reynolds Stress Model (RSM)
-Standard Wall functions
- Non-equilibrium wall functions sensitized to pressure gradient
-Two layer zonal near-wall model
- Enhanced K-E model with two choices of turbulent kinetic energy production model (kate-Launder and Kim)
-RNC advanced capability package including enhancements for buoyant stratification and rotating of reference
Chemical Species, Reaction, and Combustion Modeling
-Formulation based on solution or multispecies transport equations including reaction source term
-Optional full multicomponent diffusion model
-Finite rate chemistry for reaction Using Arhennius rate and eddy-breakup (EBU) model for turbulence-chemistry interaction
-PDF/Conserved scalar (two mixture fractions) formulation for turbulence-chemistry interaction indiffusion controlled reactions, using:
-Simple mixed-is-burned model or chemical equilibrium calculation
-Property data base for equilibrium data and thermodynamic properties
-Flamelet model (Library of Laminar Flamelets for single or multiple strain)
Combustion submodels dor coal, liquid , gaseous and mixed fuel types
-Pollution formation models (NOx, soot)
Surface deposition raction models for chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and other heterogenous reactions
-User-defined subroutines for custom reaction rate expressions
-Modeling of condenses species
-Specification of coal off-gases in termes of coal elemental composition and heating value
-Optional RNG-based reaction front tracking model for premixed systems
-Optional ACERC coal combustion models:
-CPD devolatization model
-Char oxidation
-NOx formation model with reburning
-Optional coal combustion models available from IFRF
Radiation Heat Transfer
-Discrete Transfer Radiation Model (DTRM) with participating media
-P-1 radiotion model with participating/scattering media
-Dependence of gas absorption coefficient on water vaor, carbon dioxide , soot and particle concentrationusing WSGG (weighted sum of gray gases) or Modak models
-Radiation heat transfer to particles/droplets (P-1 model)
Lagrangian Dispersed Phase Modeling
-Trajectory calculation for spherical particles/droplets/bubbles in steady flow (stationary or ratating frames of reference)
-Momentum, heat and mass transfer coupling with fluid phase
-Virtual mass force, pressure gradient force, thermophoretic force and user-defined forces
-Reflection/saltation boundary conditions at wall boundaries with variable and angledependent coefficient of restitution
-Optional adhesion to wall boundaries and collection at particle filters
-Turbulence dispersion via random-walk models (discrete or continuous random-walk models, trajectory crossing effects)
-Particle size distribution through Rosin-Rammler equation or other discrete description
-Sprar definition
-Heat Transfer between fluid and dispersed phase, including convection and radiation effects
-Evaporation and boiling of liquid droplets
-Spray drying of wet particles
-Coal combustion submodels for devolatization, swelling and char burnout
-Heterogeneous surface reactions between solid particles and fluid phase( kinetic/diffusion limites rates)
-Residence time reporting detailed trajectory reporting, heat and mass transfer summaries, particle dispersion display
-User-defined heat or mass transfer models
-Drag force modification via user-defined subroutine
-User-defiuned particle/wall interaction
Multiphase Modeling
-Gas-liquid, gas-solid, liquid-liquid, liquid-solid multiphase system modeling for N fluids , including;
-Volume-averaged formulation for interpenetrating continua
-Partially-coupled semi-implicit or fully-coupled implicit solution algorithms
-Multiple choices of built-in drag via user-defined subroutines
-Added mass and lift forces
-Interphase heat and mass transfer including radiation (P-1) and particle/droplet size evolution
-Chemical mixing and reactions in individual phases
-Phase-specific K-E equations for turbulence modelling
-Multiple choices of built-in drag laws and custom drag laws via user-defined subroutines
-Added mass and lift forces
-Interphase heat and mass transfer including radiation (P-) and particle/droplet size evolution
-Chemical mixing and reactions in individual phases
-Phase-specific K-E equations for turbulence modelling
-Availability of various boundary conditions (e.g pressure boundary conditions)
-Granular phase model for gas-solid or liquid-solid systems with multiple (N) Solid particle sizes
-Multiple choices of constitutive relationship for granular including solid pressure, solid viscosity and conductivity based on kinetic theory analogies
-Full transport equation for granular temperature with choices of interaction with fluid phase turbulence in dilute phase and UDS for dense phase
-Plasticity-based granular bed model for frictional regime
-Granular bed model with fixed porosity and solid velocity
-Particle reflection model in wall boundary condition for granular phases
-user-defined critical packing-limit for granular phase
-Monitoring of total solids present
-User subroutines for customized properties or interphase heat and mass transfer
-Volume-of-Fluid (VOF) Multiphase Model
-Gas-Liquid or liquid-liquid system modelling for N immiscible fluids
-Interface (e.g, free-surface) tracking, including the effects of surface tension and wall adhesion
-Heat Transfer between the fluids
-Species mixing and reaction within primary fluid
-Mass transfer between fluids via user-defined subroutine
-Compressibility for primary fluid
-Non-Newtonian primary fluid properties
-User subroutines for primary fluid properties
-Steady-state or time-marching solution options
-Compatibility with sliding/deforming mesh
Phase Change Modeling
-Liquid-solid melting or solidification using the enthalpy-porosity method
-Mixture (musghy zone) modelling using the lever rule for alloys
-Pull velocity for contious casting
-Marangoni conversation
-Thermal contact resitance between solid material and walls
-Combined phase change VOF models
Boundary Conditions
Multiple flow inlets/exits, with specification of:
-Intel velocity (Cartesian or cylindrical-polar component form)
-Intel total or static pressure, with specified flow angle
-Exit static pressure
-Inlet flid temperature
-Inlet turbulence intensity and length scale (with optional specification of k and E values)
-Inlet mass fraction or mole fraction (for multi-component flows)
Wall boundaries, with specification of:
-Wall velocity using Cartesian, cylindrical-polar or rotational velocity component forms
-Sheat-stress calculation using choice of wall functions in turbulent flow, including wall roughness effects
-Thermal boundary conditions using heat-flux, temperature, external convection and external radiation conditions
-Velocity input using multiple local systems for Cartesian cylindrical velocity components
-Spatial profiles of all boundary condition inputs
-Time variation of all boundary condition inputs
-Fixed variable option for boundary condition setting in computational cells
-Sub-grid size inlet specification through volume sources
-Symmetry, rotationally periodic and translationally periodic boundaries
-Streamwise-periodic boundary conditions
-Supersonic inflow/outflow boundaries
-Specified mass flow boundary conditions for compressible flows (permits mixed supersonic and subsonic inlets)
Material Properties
-Constant or variable fluid properties, including temperature and composition dependence (data pair or polynomial input)
-Fluid density calculation using ideal gas law or mixture average
-Boussinesq treatment of density for flows including buoyancy
-Non-Newtonian fluid models using power-law, Herschel-Bulkley or Carreau non-Newtonian user-defined laws
-Temperature-dependent heat-capacity and thermal conductivity in solid regions
-User-defined functions for property inputs
User-defined Subroutines
-Specification of volume sources in continuity, momentum, energy or species transport equations
-Input of custom boundary conditions or initial conditions
-Definition of custom fluid properties
-Addition of scalar transport equations
- Modification of porous or lumped fan and heat-exchanger models
-Modification or addition or Lagrangian particle force balance, drag law, interphase heat/mass transfer and particle/boundary interaction
-definition of moving mesh coordinates
-Creation of custom post-processing variables
-full access to FLUENT data structure; ability to add custom variables
Interface, Graphics, Postprocessing and Reporting
-Fully interactive graphical and text-based user interface
-Journaling and trascripting
-Diagnostic and error trapping
-Dynamic control of setup, solution and post processing tasks
-Flexible units specification (SI units, British units, custom/mixed units)
-Dynamic interrupts and restarts of calculations
-Residual reporting and display
-Unsteady particle tracking for massless particles
-Reporting of fluxes (mass, heat), forces and moments
-Computation and reporting of surface integrals and averages
-Integrated kinematic quantities including gradients of deformation tensor and streteching efficiency
-Automatic slicing
-Flow variables statics (e.g, averages, min/max, RMS)
-Zone-based integration of forces, torques and power
-Export of averaged velocity data
-Quantitative XY-plotting of data
-Powerful graphics flows visualization animation
-On-screen mouse-based view manipulation (rotation, translation, magnification)
-Extensive hardcopy options
Data Export:
-Node dataexport in generic universal format for FE analysis (Plot3-D Format)
-File transfer to other postprocessing packages (FIELDVIEW, English, IBM DX, SGI DX, AVS, Wavefront)
On-Line Help and Document
-Complete hypertext-based on-line documentation
-User guide, including theory and application
-Tutorial guide, with model-specific examples
-Validation manual
-Training manual
flows that arise in the polymer processing, thin film coating, biomedical, semiconductor crystal growth, metallurgy and glass processing industries, among others. Based
on the finite element method, FIDAP delivers accurate and efficient solutions for
problems involving fluid flow, heat transfer, mass transfer, dispersed phase flow,
free surfaces, solid/liquid phase change and fluid-structure interaction. Fully-coupled and segregated/iterative solution methods are available using completely
unstructured meshes. A comprehensive set of physical models is provided for modeling non-Newtonian rheology, radiation heat transfer, flows in porous media,
chemical reactions and other complex phenomena.
General Modeling Capabilities
2-D planar, 2-D axisymmetric, 2-D axisymmetric with swirl, and 3-D flows
Steady-state or transient analysis
Creeping flow, incompressible, and mildly compressible flow regimes
Laminar, transitional, and turbulent flow
Newtonian or non-Newtonian flow
Heat transfer including natural convection, forced or mixed convection, conjugate
(fluid/solid) heat transfer, and radiation
Chemical species mixing and reaction, including combustion submodels and
surface reactions
Free surface flows (both fixed mesh and deforming mesh models)
Linear and non-linear elastic deformations in solids, including thermoelastic effects, can
be solved simultaneously with the fluid flow (fluid-structure interaction)
Lagrangian trajectory calculation for dispersed phase (particles/droplets/bubbles)
including coupling with continuous phase
Phase change models for melting/freezing applications (both fixed mesh and
deforming mesh)
Transport of charged species in electric fields
Porous media with non-isotropic permeability, inertial resistance
Lumped parameter models for fans, vents
Inertial (stationary) or non-inertial (rotating or accelerating) reference frames
Volumetric sources of heat, mass, momentum, and chemical species
Mesh Capabilities
Quadrilateral, triangle, hexahedral (brick), tetrahedral, wedge (prism) and mixed
element meshes
Linear and quadratic interpolations
Penalty function approximation and discretized pressure (mixed formulation)
. For mixed formulation, both continuous and discontinuous pressure models
are available
Unequal and equal-order discretizations
Import of meshes from I-DEAS and PATRAN
Mesh-to-mesh interpolation of solution data
Numerical Methods
FIDAP offers two main choices for solver options. All the solvers in FIDAP are:
. Based on the finite element method and utilize fully unstructured meshes
. Valid for all speed regimes
. Available with dynamic memory allocation
The fully-coupled solver computes all degrees of freedom simultaneously. It has three
different variations:
. Newton-Raphson
. Modified-Newton
. Quasi-Newton, Broydens update
To solve the linear set of equations that arises with each of the above techniques, direct
Gaussian elimination is used
The segregated solution algorithm computes each degree of freedom individually in
sequential fashion. It has the following features:
. Jacobi variant that allows constructing the coefficient matrix of more than one
degree of freedom during a single element pass
. Vectorization of element pass
. Single point quadrature with hourglass correction
. Reduced stencil scheme which decreases the size of the non-symmetric global
coefficient matrices
. Single- or double-precision storage of global coefficient matrices
To solve the linear set of equations, the segregated solver uses direct Gaussian
elimination or the following iterative methods:
. GMRES or conjugate gradient squared for non-symmetric systems
. Conjugate residual or conjugate gradient for symmetric (pressure) systems
Transient Solution Algorithms
Explicit and implicit time integrators available
For the implicit time stepping approach:
. First-order accurate (backward Euler) or second-order accurate (trapezoidal rule)
. Automatic time step increment controlled by local truncation error
Fixed time step option also available
Free Surface Modeling
Two free surface models are available: deforming mesh, fixed mesh
Deforming mesh capabilities
. Suitable for modeling external free surfaces, internal fluid/fluid interfaces,
boundaries with specified motion, and melting/freezing of pure materials
. Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) description
. Surface tension can be included
. Static and dynamic contact lines
. 2-D, 2-D axisymmetric, and 3-D free surfaces
Fixed mesh capabilities
. Volume of fluid (VOF) model
. Single-fluid and two-fluid formulations
. Well-suited for problems involving irregular or large-scale deformations to the
free surface (such as filling, sloshing, break-up)
. Surface tension (and Marangoni effect) can be included
. Heat and mass transfer at the interface can be included in single fluid analyses
. VOF model can be combined with boundaries that deform with prescribed motion
. 2-D, 2-D axisymmetric, and 3-D free surfaces
Free surface problems can be laminar or turbulent.
Fluid Structure Interaction
The deflection and stress in solid structures can be computed and coupled with the fluid
flow, heat and mass transfer analysis
The structural solver in FIDAP includes the following features:
. continuum structural elements
. linear and nonlinear elasticity
. steady or transient
. thermoelastic effects (thermal expansion coefficient, temperature dependent properties)
Boundary conditions for the structure include: stresses/loads, displacement, and mixed
(stress is proportional to displacement)
Remeshing of the deformed structure and fluid domains is accomplished using an elasticity-based remeshing scheme
Fully-compatible with free surface and VOF models, and parallel processing
Postprocessing of the deformed structure, stresses, strains and integrated forces is provided
Turbulence Modeling
Algebraic mixing length model:
. Automatic mixing length calculation
. User-defined mixing length calculation
Multiple choices of k-ψ models including standard k-e, anisotropic k-e, and RNG k-ψ
models as well as extended k-ψ and RNG k-ψ models
Wilcox low-Reynolds number k-ν model
Three eddy viscosity models:
. Boussinesq isotropic eddy viscosity model
. Speziale anisotropic eddy viscosity model
. Launder anisotropic eddy viscosity model
Near-wall elements incorporating special shape functions accurately capture
non-equilibrium wall effects
Surface roughness model
Chemical Reaction and Combustion Modeling
Formulation based on multispecies transport equations, including diffusion and reaction
source terms
Finite rate chemistry for any number of reactions using:
. Extended Arrhenius (built-in)
. User-defined subroutine
Up to 15 species
Bulk phase or surface reactions
Turbulence-chemistry interaction via:
. Algebraic eddy-breakup model (Spalding)
. Transport eddy-breakup model (non-equilibrium; transport equation for variances)
. Eddy-dissipation model (Magnussen)
Solver enhancements for numerically stiff chemistry
Thermodiffusion
Radiation Heat Transfer
Two radiation models are available:
. Surface-to-surface (non-participating) radiation based on enclosure theory
. View factors are computed (including shadowing effects) once before the simulation
. P-1 (participating) radiation model Fidap 8.5
Both models can model gray-diffuse and non-gray (wavelength-dependent) surfaces and properties
Temperature-dependent emissivity
Non-gray (spectrally dependent) emissivity
Lagrangian Dispersed Phase Modeling
Trajectory calculation for particles, bubbles, or droplets at low volume fractions
(steady flows)
Momentum, heat, and mass transfer coupling with fluid (continuous) phase
Built-in polynomial and power-law drag models for non-evaporating particles
Additional drag model for evaporating droplets
User can specify initial position, velocity, temperature, size, volatile/humidity content,
and chemical composition of particles
Stochastic model for influence of turbulence on particle trajectories
Standard-normal and log-normal particle size distributions
Multiple choice of boundary conditions for particles, including rebound with coefficient
of restitution, trapping and escape
Heat and mass transfer between fluid and dispersed phase
Evaporation from liquid droplets
Drying of wet particles
Detailed reporting of particle position, velocity, temperature, diameter and residence time
User-defined subroutines to specify the drag coefficient, force, injection position/velocity,
boundary conditions, and heat/mass transfer are available .
Boundary Conditions
Multiple inlets/exits with specification of:
. Inlet velocity in terms of Cartesian or cylindrical components, or local coordinate
components
. Normal and/or tangential stresses
. Inlet mass fraction or species mass flux for multicomponent flows
. Inlet fluid static temperature
. Inlet turbulent kinetic energy and dissipation rate (with optional input of turbulence
intensity and length scale)
Outflow boundaries
Intake/exhaust fans
Intake/outlet vents
Wall boundaries, with specification of:
. Tangential wall velocity using Cartesian component form or rotational speed
. Shear stress, including slip conditions (Navier slip, Coulomb friction)
. Thermal boundary conditions using heat flux, temperature, or external convection,
radiation (emissivity), or mixed conditions
. Shear-stress calculation using specialized wall function for turbulent flow, including
wall roughness effects
Free surface with surface tension
Surface with specified motion
Boundary profiles as polynomial functions of x,y,z
Boundary conditions as time function curve
Symmetry, rotationally periodic, and translationally periodic boundaries
Axis boundary conditions
Material Properties
Constant or variable fluid properties including temperature dependence (data pair input)
Fluid density calculation using ideal gas law or polynomial dependence on temperature;
optional Boussinesq treatment of density for buoyant flows
Fluid viscosity calculation using linear function of temperature or species
Non-Newtonian fluid models, including power law, Bingham and Carreau fluids, or Fidap 8.5
user-defined law; exponential temperature dependence can be included Page 5 of 6
Incorporation of normal stress effects via second order fluid model
Temperature-dependent heat capacity and thermal conductivity in solid regions
Non-isotropic thermal conductivity
User-defined property inputs
Phase Change
FIDAP offers two solid/liquid phase change models:
. Tracking of a distinct melt interface using a deforming mesh
- May also track solute concentration and segregation of multiple species at melt
interface
-User-defined feedback loop option for adjusting heat flux based on melt interface
position/shape
-Melt temperature may be a function of temperature, solute (species) concentration
. Enthalpy/specific heat method using a fixed mesh
-So-called mushy zone represented by change in viscosity as material freezes
-Turbulent viscosity decay function for turbulent phase change flows
Electrohydrodynamics
The conservation of charge equation can be solved, accounting for the change in
charge distribution due to convection, diffusion, electric field and reactions
The momentum equation includes the Coulomb or electrophoretic force
Gauss Law can be solved to obtain the voltage field
Multicomponent systems are allowed
Miscellaneous
Moving-body constraint allows user-definable constraints on any nodal variable to be
applied and released as a function of time, position, and solution
. Can be used to model the motion of impellers, blades, or other solid bodies through
the fluid
Bar and shell elements allow heat conduction along the axis/plane with no resistance
across the thickness
Contact resistance allows heat transfer between two surfaces without modeling the
region between them
User Defined Subroutines
Compiled user subroutine option
Specification of volumetric sources in continuity, momentum, energy and species
equations
Surface and volumetric reaction rates
Definition of custom physical properties
Customized boundary conditions and initial conditions
User-defined scalar transport equations
Creation of custom postprocessing quantities
User-specified emissivity and external reference temperature functions for radiation
modeling
Body force, drag, and heat/mass source terms for discrete phase modeling
Interface, Graphics, Postprocessing, and Reporting
Fully interactive graphical and text-based user interface
Journaling and transcripting
Journal files may contain user-defined parameters, do-loops, if-then-else statements,
and macros for automating parametric studies
Diagnostics and error trapping
Automatic checking of entity/property data, element data, boundary conditions, initial
conditions, and problem consistency
Optimal renumbering of mesh nodes
Summary reports of solver and physical model settings
Dynamic interrupt and restart of calculations
Reporting and display of convergence history
Reporting of fluxes of mass, heat, and chemical species
Calculation and reporting of mass and volumetric flow rates
Integration and reporting of mean values over domain or portions of domain
Transformation of data via pre-defined functions (exponent, log, tanh, and gradient
operators)
Reporting and visualization of derived quantities
Calculation and reporting of residence time distribution
Fast Fourier transform (power spectrum vs. frequency)
Time history plots
Quantitative XY-plotting of data
On-screen mouse-based view manipulation (rotation, translation, magnification)
Hardcopy options
Data Export
Export of temperature solution data in ANSYS format
Import/export of FEA data to/from MARC nonlinear structural analysis package
Online Help and Documentation
Complete HTML-based online documentation
User guides
Tutorial guide
Extensive Examples manual
Theory manual
Training manual
Supported Hardware
Serial and parallel (segregated solver) versions of FIDAP 8.5 are supported on most
common UNIX and Windows/NT platforms.
FLUENT 4.5
Fluent provides a wealth of physical models in a CFD solver ideally suited to the solution of incompressible and mildly compressible flows. FLUENTs pressure based, segregated solution algorithm and multigrid solver provide speed, accuracy and robust convergence for a wide range of complex flows. Using structured quadrilateral/hexahedral meshes, FLUENT provides sophisticated models for turbulence, heat transfer, multiphase flows, chemical reaction and combustion.
General Modeling Capabilities
-2-D planar, 2-D axisymmetric, or 3-D modelling
-Multiple reference frames
-Steady-state or transient analysis
-Incompressible or compressible flow
-Laminar or turbulent flow
-Heat transfer and thermal mixing including forced convection, natural or mixed convection, condition, radiation and volumetric heat sources or sinks
-Chemical species mixing and reaction, including combustion submodels and surface deposition reaction models
-Eulerian multiphase models for gas, liquid and granular phase
-Volume-of-fluid (VOF) multiphase model for immiscible and free-surface fluid flows
-Lagranging trajectory calculation for dispersed phase of particles/droplets/bubbles
-Conjugate solid/fluid heat transfer including moving conducting solid region
-Porous media with non-isotropic permeability and inertial resistance, effective conductivity and heat capacity
-Lumped parameter models for fans pumps, radiators, heat-exchangers
-Inertial (stationary), non-inertial (rotating) or mixed (sliding) reference frame models
-Volumetric sources of heat, mass, momentum and chemical species
Mesh Capabilities
-Quadrilateral/hexahedral structured mesh (single block or multiblock structured with global IJK indexing)
-Direct Cartesian or cylindrical-polar mesh generation
-Mesh refinement via line insertion or doubling of grid density; interpolation of data onto refined mesh
-Extrusion/rotation of 2-D mesh and solution data into 3-D
-Sliding mesh for rotor/stator interaction
-Moving/deforming mesh for simulation of moving geometry
-Deforming meshes and compressible flows (e.g filling a vessel)
Numerical Method
-Control-volume methods based on structured meshes
-Co-located formulation using Cartesian or cylindrical-polar velocity components
-Discretization using power-law, second-order upwind, or QUICK shemes
-Segregate, Pressure-based solution algorithm (SIMPLEC, and PISO)
-Line Gauss-Siedel linear equation solver additive correction multigrid (ACM) schemes
-Segreted, pressure-based solution algorithm (SIMPLE, SIMPLEC, and PISO)
-Line Gauss-Siedel linear equation solver with additive correction multigrid (ACM) scheme
Turbulence Modeling
-High Reynolds K-E model, including submodels for buoyancy and compressibility effects
-RNC K-E model with extensions for swirl, compressibility, low Reynolds number and near-wall effects (differential viscosity relationships and Brandtl number corrections)
High Reynolds number differential Reynolds Stress Model (RSM)
-Standard Wall functions
- Non-equilibrium wall functions sensitized to pressure gradient
-Two layer zonal near-wall model
- Enhanced K-E model with two choices of turbulent kinetic energy production model (kate-Launder and Kim)
-RNC advanced capability package including enhancements for buoyant stratification and rotating of reference
Chemical Species, Reaction, and Combustion Modeling
-Formulation based on solution or multispecies transport equations including reaction source term
-Optional full multicomponent diffusion model
-Finite rate chemistry for reaction Using Arhennius rate and eddy-breakup (EBU) model for turbulence-chemistry interaction
-PDF/Conserved scalar (two mixture fractions) formulation for turbulence-chemistry interaction indiffusion controlled reactions, using:
-Simple mixed-is-burned model or chemical equilibrium calculation
-Property data base for equilibrium data and thermodynamic properties
-Flamelet model (Library of Laminar Flamelets for single or multiple strain)
Combustion submodels dor coal, liquid , gaseous and mixed fuel types
-Pollution formation models (NOx, soot)
Surface deposition raction models for chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and other heterogenous reactions
-User-defined subroutines for custom reaction rate expressions
-Modeling of condenses species
-Specification of coal off-gases in termes of coal elemental composition and heating value
-Optional RNG-based reaction front tracking model for premixed systems
-Optional ACERC coal combustion models:
-CPD devolatization model
-Char oxidation
-NOx formation model with reburning
-Optional coal combustion models available from IFRF
Radiation Heat Transfer
-Discrete Transfer Radiation Model (DTRM) with participating media
-P-1 radiotion model with participating/scattering media
-Dependence of gas absorption coefficient on water vaor, carbon dioxide , soot and particle concentrationusing WSGG (weighted sum of gray gases) or Modak models
-Radiation heat transfer to particles/droplets (P-1 model)
Lagrangian Dispersed Phase Modeling
-Trajectory calculation for spherical particles/droplets/bubbles in steady flow (stationary or ratating frames of reference)
-Momentum, heat and mass transfer coupling with fluid phase
-Virtual mass force, pressure gradient force, thermophoretic force and user-defined forces
-Reflection/saltation boundary conditions at wall boundaries with variable and angledependent coefficient of restitution
-Optional adhesion to wall boundaries and collection at particle filters
-Turbulence dispersion via random-walk models (discrete or continuous random-walk models, trajectory crossing effects)
-Particle size distribution through Rosin-Rammler equation or other discrete description
-Sprar definition
-Heat Transfer between fluid and dispersed phase, including convection and radiation effects
-Evaporation and boiling of liquid droplets
-Spray drying of wet particles
-Coal combustion submodels for devolatization, swelling and char burnout
-Heterogeneous surface reactions between solid particles and fluid phase( kinetic/diffusion limites rates)
-Residence time reporting detailed trajectory reporting, heat and mass transfer summaries, particle dispersion display
-User-defined heat or mass transfer models
-Drag force modification via user-defined subroutine
-User-defiuned particle/wall interaction
Multiphase Modeling
-Gas-liquid, gas-solid, liquid-liquid, liquid-solid multiphase system modeling for N fluids , including;
-Volume-averaged formulation for interpenetrating continua
-Partially-coupled semi-implicit or fully-coupled implicit solution algorithms
-Multiple choices of built-in drag via user-defined subroutines
-Added mass and lift forces
-Interphase heat and mass transfer including radiation (P-1) and particle/droplet size evolution
-Chemical mixing and reactions in individual phases
-Phase-specific K-E equations for turbulence modelling
-Multiple choices of built-in drag laws and custom drag laws via user-defined subroutines
-Added mass and lift forces
-Interphase heat and mass transfer including radiation (P-) and particle/droplet size evolution
-Chemical mixing and reactions in individual phases
-Phase-specific K-E equations for turbulence modelling
-Availability of various boundary conditions (e.g pressure boundary conditions)
-Granular phase model for gas-solid or liquid-solid systems with multiple (N) Solid particle sizes
-Multiple choices of constitutive relationship for granular including solid pressure, solid viscosity and conductivity based on kinetic theory analogies
-Full transport equation for granular temperature with choices of interaction with fluid phase turbulence in dilute phase and UDS for dense phase
-Plasticity-based granular bed model for frictional regime
-Granular bed model with fixed porosity and solid velocity
-Particle reflection model in wall boundary condition for granular phases
-user-defined critical packing-limit for granular phase
-Monitoring of total solids present
-User subroutines for customized properties or interphase heat and mass transfer
-Volume-of-Fluid (VOF) Multiphase Model
-Gas-Liquid or liquid-liquid system modelling for N immiscible fluids
-Interface (e.g, free-surface) tracking, including the effects of surface tension and wall adhesion
-Heat Transfer between the fluids
-Species mixing and reaction within primary fluid
-Mass transfer between fluids via user-defined subroutine
-Compressibility for primary fluid
-Non-Newtonian primary fluid properties
-User subroutines for primary fluid properties
-Steady-state or time-marching solution options
-Compatibility with sliding/deforming mesh
Phase Change Modeling
-Liquid-solid melting or solidification using the enthalpy-porosity method
-Mixture (musghy zone) modelling using the lever rule for alloys
-Pull velocity for contious casting
-Marangoni conversation
-Thermal contact resitance between solid material and walls
-Combined phase change VOF models
Boundary Conditions
Multiple flow inlets/exits, with specification of:
-Intel velocity (Cartesian or cylindrical-polar component form)
-Intel total or static pressure, with specified flow angle
-Exit static pressure
-Inlet flid temperature
-Inlet turbulence intensity and length scale (with optional specification of k and E values)
-Inlet mass fraction or mole fraction (for multi-component flows)
Wall boundaries, with specification of:
-Wall velocity using Cartesian, cylindrical-polar or rotational velocity component forms
-Sheat-stress calculation using choice of wall functions in turbulent flow, including wall roughness effects
-Thermal boundary conditions using heat-flux, temperature, external convection and external radiation conditions
-Velocity input using multiple local systems for Cartesian cylindrical velocity components
-Spatial profiles of all boundary condition inputs
-Time variation of all boundary condition inputs
-Fixed variable option for boundary condition setting in computational cells
-Sub-grid size inlet specification through volume sources
-Symmetry, rotationally periodic and translationally periodic boundaries
-Streamwise-periodic boundary conditions
-Supersonic inflow/outflow boundaries
-Specified mass flow boundary conditions for compressible flows (permits mixed supersonic and subsonic inlets)
Material Properties
-Constant or variable fluid properties, including temperature and composition dependence (data pair or polynomial input)
-Fluid density calculation using ideal gas law or mixture average
-Boussinesq treatment of density for flows including buoyancy
-Non-Newtonian fluid models using power-law, Herschel-Bulkley or Carreau non-Newtonian user-defined laws
-Temperature-dependent heat-capacity and thermal conductivity in solid regions
-User-defined functions for property inputs
User-defined Subroutines
-Specification of volume sources in continuity, momentum, energy or species transport equations
-Input of custom boundary conditions or initial conditions
-Definition of custom fluid properties
-Addition of scalar transport equations
- Modification of porous or lumped fan and heat-exchanger models
-Modification or addition or Lagrangian particle force balance, drag law, interphase heat/mass transfer and particle/boundary interaction
-definition of moving mesh coordinates
-Creation of custom post-processing variables
-full access to FLUENT data structure; ability to add custom variables
Interface, Graphics, Postprocessing and Reporting
-Fully interactive graphical and text-based user interface
-Journaling and trascripting
-Diagnostic and error trapping
-Dynamic control of setup, solution and post processing tasks
-Flexible units specification (SI units, British units, custom/mixed units)
-Dynamic interrupts and restarts of calculations
-Residual reporting and display
-Unsteady particle tracking for massless particles
-Reporting of fluxes (mass, heat), forces and moments
-Computation and reporting of surface integrals and averages
-Integrated kinematic quantities including gradients of deformation tensor and streteching efficiency
-Automatic slicing
-Flow variables statics (e.g, averages, min/max, RMS)
-Zone-based integration of forces, torques and power
-Export of averaged velocity data
-Quantitative XY-plotting of data
-Powerful graphics flows visualization animation
-On-screen mouse-based view manipulation (rotation, translation, magnification)
-Extensive hardcopy options
Data Export:
-Node dataexport in generic universal format for FE analysis (Plot3-D Format)
-File transfer to other postprocessing packages (FIELDVIEW, English, IBM DX, SGI DX, AVS, Wavefront)
On-Line Help and Document
-Complete hypertext-based on-line documentation
-User guide, including theory and application
-Tutorial guide, with model-specific examples
-Validation manual
-Training manual